THE ENGLISH LEARNING LIBRARY

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YOUR GRAMMAR LIBRARY

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28 lessonsPage 3 of 3

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Question Formation: Yes/No, WH- and Tag Questions

The rule

For standard yes/no questions, put be, an auxiliary or a modal before the subject. Use do/does/did with ordinary present/past simple verbs. WH- questions ask for details; subject questions have a different pattern. Usual confirmation tags reverse positive/negative polarity.

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Yes/no: Does the class start at six? WH-: When does the class start? Subject: Who called Arun? Tag: The class starts at six, doesn’t it? Indirect: Can you tell me where the class starts?

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Gerunds and Infinitives: Rules, Examples and Practice

The rule

Choose the second verb form from the whole pattern: enjoy reading, refuse to answer, consider moving and can explain. Some verbs allow more than one form; stop, remember and try can change meaning with -ing or a to-infinitive.

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Refuse + to-infinitive: Mira refused to sign the form. Consider + -ing: We are considering changing the timetable. After a preposition: He left without asking. Prepositional to: I look forward to meeting you. Bare infinitive: She can explain the instructions. Active and passive make: They made us wait. We were made to wait.

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Phrasal Verbs – Common Types, Usage, and Examples

The rule

Multi-word verbs combine a verb with a particle or preposition. Learn the meaning and the pattern together: turn off the light / turn the light off, but look after the baby. With a pronoun, a separable verb needs turn it off, not turn off it.

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Please turn off the light. / Please turn it off.

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Clauses: Types, Rules and Examples

The rule

A typical finite clause has a subject and a tensed verb phrase. An independent clause can form a complete sentence; a subordinate clause is linked to another clause. Relative, noun and adverbial labels describe different jobs that subordinate clauses can do.

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Independent clause: The bus arrived. Dependent adverbial clause: because the bus was late — We waited because the bus was late. Relative clause: who sits near the window — The student who sits near the window is absent. Subject (noun) clause: What you said — What you said surprised me. Non-finite clause: Waiting outside — Waiting outside, Anita checked her messages.

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